This publication presents a diagnosis of the transition of heavy-duty freight and passenger vehicles in Colombia, with an emphasis on their energy, environmental, regulatory, social, and economic impacts. The document analyzes the high fossil fuel consumption of the HDV fleet, its share in land transport emissions, and the barriers to advancing toward zero- and low-emission

This publication presents a technical roadmap to transform Colombia’s electricity system toward a more reliable, clean, and lower-cost matrix. Using advanced modeling tools, the study analyzes scenarios for system expansion and operation with a high share of renewable energy, assessing costs, reliability, dynamic stability, fossil fuel consumption, emissions, and tariff impacts. The document concludes that